Monday, December 30, 2019

Women Are More Likely to Study in Groups than Men - 969 Words

When it comes to working in groups or working individually, what do you think is more successful for human beings, and who are choosing the ones who pick to work in a group or work on their own. Some people choose to work on their own based on their own learning techniques and some believe working in groups is the best method for them. When you think of how people like to work in groups, rather than individually, some might assume that women work in groups more than men, just because women seem to be able to work in teams rather than men who try to be the best out of anyone and have to be more independent. My research will prove that women will be more likely to study in groups rather than men, but not by much, it will also prove that most people who like to work in groups like to work in groups with the same gender and within the same race, but it is not because of what we might all assume, it is broken down into how people learn and what factors determine the best way for people to learn. This research will help answer a few questions, who male or female like to work in groups rather than on their own and why men and women prefer to work in groups or work on their own. Self-efficacy and other factors that determine learning styles It has been said that women prefer to work in teams and men like to work on their own, for various reasons, some being personal efficacy or self-efficacy which is where a learner is more likely to engage in the learning process if they believeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Alcohol Dependence On Being Absent From Work929 Words   |  4 Pageshad more to do with the effect of social support from others (Vasse, Nijhuis, Kok, 1998). With the financial stress studies have shown that families with an income of $40,000 or lower and those who are on some system of an assistance program have a greater chance for abuse for alcohol (Boardman, Finch, Ellison, Williams, Jackson, 2001). Stress is linked both abuse in both forms physical and emotional (Boardman, Finch, Ellison, et al., 2001). As mentioned above with drinking to cope a study showsRead More Women Conform More than Men Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesWomen Conform More than Men Studies over the years have shown a higher rate of conformity among women than men. Psychologists have attributed this difference to many areas, such as personality traits, differing views of conformity, social status, and situational forces. The following research and studies illustrate the findings which confirm this hypothesis. Personality Traits of Men vs. Women According to Eagley, Wood, and Fishbaugh (1981), women are more concerned than men aboutRead MoreFast Food Has Become A Prominent Features Of Our Diet1645 Words   |  7 Pagesfigures as it becomes a lot easier for people to purchase food without even leaving their home, thus becomes more attractive to consumers. 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Eimler, Anna-Margarita Papadakis, and Jana Vanessa Kruck studies how the genders use different methods of self-preservation as a mean of showcasing to the worldRead MoreDescriptive Epidemiology Of Major Depressive Disorder In Canada1111 Words   |  5 Pages(BD) from four countries and compared it with the data from the United States. The countries are Canada, United Kingdom, Australia and Mexico. For Canada, we referred to the study Descriptive Epidemiology of Ma jor Depressive Disorder in Canada in 2012. In this study, they used a survey called Canadian Community Health Study - Mental Health (CCHS-MH) to evaluate Major Depressive Disorder among their participants. CCHS-MH is an adaptation of the World Health Organization World Mental Health CompositeRead MoreThe Sociological Push Factors That Influence Women Decision Of The Workforce And Work For Somebody Else s Companies1384 Words   |  6 Pages There are many research studies that have been performed to establish the work-family equilibrium phenomena. This type of research establishes the topics of â€Å"the changes in the organization of work, family, and gender relations that occurred in the latter half of the 20th century and continue today† (Wharton 2012, p. 221). Work-family studies analyze the sociological push factors that influence women decision to enter the workforce and work for somebody else’s companies, but it does notRead MoreWomen And The Criminal Ju stice System976 Words   |  4 PagesWomen and Men in the Criminal Justice System Throughout history, the criminal justice system has mainly focused on men entering the criminal justice system rather than women. This is not portrayed largely by the media and society because it is not truly considered a highlight topic. Men and women face incarceration on a daily basis, causing them both to have different experiences based on their gender. The crimes and punishment faced by each gender is different and can affect the way society views

Sunday, December 22, 2019

The European Union - 983 Words

reason, the common citizens of Briton believe that exiting the EU is the only way they can solve their economic problems. Thus, the leading party of the United Kingdom has approved a referendum on UK’s membership of the European Union. Opinion polls show that British citizens have a different perspective on the issue. A recent study conducted by center for European reform showed that â€Å"The younger generation of Britons favors European Union because it offers a good economic prospect. At the same time, the older generation perceives the EU as an anti-democratic institution. Experts form European commission suggests that the possibility of Britain exiting the EU has a profound effect on economics, business, and immigration of policies of Europeans.† (Simon, Philip, 9, 67). Even though most people see the economic problem as the main cause of for UK for rejecting the European Union, others also consider the refugee crisis as a pressing issue. A recent study conducted b y the royal institute of international affairs show that â€Å"attitudes toward immigration are the strongest predictor of whether somebody will vote to leave the EU. Those who feel that immigration is having negative effects on Britain are 50 per cent likely to vote out of EU. In contrast, those who hold more positive attitudes towards immigration are 11 percent more likely to vote in.†(Matthew, Milazzo, 8) In the last couple of years Briton has seen a massive increase in the number of immigrants. Most of theseShow MoreRelatedEuropean Unions And The European Union1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe European Union was developed in order to end the frequent and horrific wars between neighboring countries in Europe which peaked in the second World War. After long years of negotiations and meetings between member states of European countries, the European Union was formed because of common interests and goals on economic, social, and foreign policies. The European Union ensures to un ite European countries economically and politically in order for them to have a secured lasting peace. The foundingRead MoreThe Union Of The European Union944 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Queen her happy 90th birthday and tell the British people that voting to leave the European Union in the 23 June 2016 referendum is a terrible idea. It was in sharp contrast to what the Leave campaigners had been promising them. The Leave campaigners have been trying to create a bubble that Britain outside the European Union will be a prosperous paradise at the center of universe, free from pesky European countries. But Obama punctured their bubble by telling the British that Britain outsideRead MoreThe Union Of The European Union1043 Words   |  5 PagesBrexiters are desperate and angry with everything and everyone that suggests that the British people should vote to remain in the European Union in the 23 June 2016 referendum. The recent victim of their desperation and ire has been no less a personage than the US President Barrack Obama himself. President Obama was in London recently to wish the Queen her happy 90th birthday and help Prime Minister David Cameron win the referendum in which the British people will vote whether they want to remainRead MoreThe Union Of The European Union Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagesbe leaving the European Union. In what has since become known as Brexit, the United Kingdom held a referendum in which 52 percent of the voting-eligible population chose in favor of the country’s departure from the 28 country politico-economic union. When this political issue is analyzed, it is important to understand the reasoning behind Britain’s decision and the many factors that drove them to this resolution. The people of the United Kingdom decided to leave the European Union based on economicRead MoreThe Union And The European Union952 Words   |  4 Pages The European Union is an entity that is seen nowhere else in the world. It is not a government, it is not an international organization, and it is not just an association of states. The European Union members, instead, have decided to turnover part of their sovereignty to the Union so that many decisions can be made at the institutions leadership level. This partnership includes 28 diverse democracies built together on the basis of complex treaties. Although the goals of this organization were toRead MoreThe European Union878 Words   |  4 Pagesvalues that comprise the organization: the European Union. From economics to politics, the organization has grown to include most of the European countries. Their policies emphasize the rule of law; meaning every action executed within the organization is founded on treaties, along with the agreement of the participating countries. Its focus continues to promote human rights, as well as making their institution more transparent and democratic. The European Union is constantly growing and refining itselfRead MoreThe European Union Essay1655 Words   |  7 Pagesformer Prime Minister David Cameron stated, â€Å"A vote to leave is the gamble of the century. And it would be our children’s futures on the table if we were to roll the dice† (Ketil). On June 23, more than half of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. A myriad of UK’s citizens had no knowledge of what their vote would do.1 In the United States, the electoral college elects the president while taking in the consideration of the public’s vote. When the public voted on the referendum, they believedRead MoreThe European Union1125 Words   |  5 PagesThere are few glaring events that will go down in history as the defining geopolitical events of this century. Great Brittan’s recent results from a referendum heldon on June 23, 2016 to decide if it should leave the European Union (EU) is one such glaring event. Brexit, the acronym for this referendum, is synonymous with the contemporary populist sentiment supporting nationalism, economic autonomy, curbing immigration, and defying elitist politicians who do not understand the reality of the workingRead MoreThe European Union1543 Words   |  7 Pages The European Union was initially set up as a means to terminate the conflict that occurred within Europe throughout the 20th century, culminating with the end of The Second World War (WWII) and The Cold War that followed. The EU ultimately aimed to bring the member countries together in order to form an ‘ever closer union’ between the countries of Europe, thus preventing a future battle. The Union started as the European Economic Community (EEC), which was established in 1957, and over the yearsRead MoreThe European Union940 Words   |  4 Pagesvoted to leave their membership in the European Union. In order for the vote to be official they must use a little known provision in their membership clause with the European Union called the Article 50 or the Lisbon Treaty. The European Union was a political and economic cooperation where participating countries used their collective financial and social practices to strengthen social and economic stability. â€Å"The Europe an Union began in 1951 as the European Coal and Steel Community, an effort by

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Automation and Artificial Intelligence Free Essays

Automation is on an increase across all technologies and fields. This increase has led to the transformation, and the future role people play in Global workforce. The rise of artificial intelligence will result in the need for new skills and roles. We will write a custom essay sample on Automation and Artificial Intelligence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some Skills and roles may disappear and others will evolve. Some industries may need more people and others may need less or none. The balance in human workforce will be impacted hard. Non-availability of required skills re-skilling will disrupt the workforce in all industries. Organizations and people would need to adjust to this change. While machines need to be built and maintained, artificial intelligence leads to job loss due to the skill gap and jobs eliminated by machines. Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Workforce Automation Artificial intelligence will result in improvement of productivity and economic growth, but millions of people may need to switch occupation or upgrade themselves to stay in the global workforce. Automation will have a far-reaching impact on the global workforce. By 2030 at a 15% midpoint level of automation adoption, 400 Million workers will be displaced by adoption of automation. According, to a 2-year independent study by the McKinsey Global Institute (Dec 2017). It is estimated that in 60% of the occupation almost one-third of the activities could be automated. A SurveyMonkey poll on AI conducted for USA TODAY also had overtones of concern, with 73% of respondents saying that would prefer if AI was limited in the rollout of newer tech so that it doesn’t become a threat to humans. USA Today. (Jan. 2, 2018). Unfortunately, with the pace at which automation and artificial intelligence are growing, 3 to 14% (75 to 375 Million) of the workforce will need to change their occupational category. Historical data on the technology shift â€Å"Innovation has generally liberated humans to be more productive,† says Rep. John Delaney. â€Å"Similar to the personal computer in the 1980s, AI will reshape our personal and business lives in such a dramatic manner, most companies today cannot comprehend the full impact,’ said Anand Rao, PwC US Data Analytics Innovation leader. Fear of technology advancement had always been there. From the textile revolution in 1811 with the advent of personal computers in 1980 world leaders and the Global workforce are worried about technological advancement. â€Å"The major challenge of the sixties is to maintain full employment at a time when automation is replacing men.† President Kennedy (1961). Although there had been concerns, every time a technology shift has happened more jobs had been created than lost. When a workforce is shifted from the usual mundane jobs, they have focused on more creative and productive areas, resulting in the advent of the human race. The past may not be an exact reflection of present or future. The advance of automation and artificial intelligence could be far reaching. A robot that could just build is different from a robot that could design and build. Artificial intelligence, Skill Gap Workforce Transition To be successful in an automated world, Man machine need to work together. One cannot replace the other. This would require new and niche skills with exceptional leadership skills. However, However, â€Å"77% of CEOs say they see the availability of key skills as the biggest business threat.† USA Today. (Jan. 2, 2018). According to an EY poll, 80% of the organization recognize the shortage of required talent to drive Artificial Intelligence adoption as the top challenge. Technology and Innovation along with the on demand human capabilities like leadership, creativity, problem solving, and passion will make organizations thrive in the market. Eventually an automated world is a possibility, however in the process will create major ripples in the workforce. The change would go beyond Man versus Machine and require re-learning and retooling. Impact on society Large corporations like Apple, Amazon, and Facebook had refused to comment on Artificial Intelligence. However, they do have people tasked with monitoring Artificial Intelligence. Microsoft had announced that they have created a review board called Aether – AI and Ethics in Engineering and Research. USA Today. (Jan. 2, 2018). Trusting and allowing Artificial Intelligence to control, drive cars and aeroplanes, and automated trading may eventually lead to AI taking control of learning and updating themselves resulting in an uncontrolled growth of machines. A study by McKinsey Global Institute (Dec 2017) suggests countries like China, India, USA and Germany will have more percentage of work activities displaced by automation. A 38 % of automation achievement would throw some western democracies to authoritarian policies to control the civil chaos as suggested by Brookings institution. Calum McClelland (2018). Governments and policy makers should handle this situation carefully. Conclusion Even if we successfully transition, we would lose all jobs to artificial intelligence and automation. Being creative and keeping us educated will give a good chance in this changing world. Reference Artificial intelligence: Doomsday scenario – or age of wonder? – USA Today. (Jan. 2, 2018) You can’t have a machine age without humans – PwC report – ENP Newswire. (Mar. 1, 2017) AI creates jobs, yet talent crisis remains, according to EY poll – ENP Newswire. (May 1, 2018) Jobs lost, Jobs gained: workforce transitions in a time of automation – McKinsey Global Institute (Dec 2017). How to cite Automation and Artificial Intelligence, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Obesity Prevention In City of Ballarat Australia †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Obesity Prevention In City of Ballarat Australia. Answer: Introduction Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for obesity, as indicated by a large pool of literature. A sedentary lifestyle is becoming a common factor affecting thousands of communities across the globe, including that of Australia. Such lifestyle leads to a rapid rise of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes due to obesity. As per the reports of World Health Organisation, physical inactivity has severe implications for individuals health (1). The Victorian Burden of Disease Study had identified physical inactivity to be a major contributor to the burden of different diseases in the Victorian city of Ballarat. Studies had reported that around 34.4% of the adult population had an inactive lifestyle (2). As per the Victorian Population Health Survey 2008 conducted at City of Ballarat, only 58.6% of females and 65.5% of males in the city were able to meet the guidelines for physical inactivity (3). Further, the Ballarat LGA profile from VicHealth Indicators Survey 20 15 indicated that in comparison to all Victorians, a smaller proportion of residents of Ballarat engaged in physical activity in a week (4). The present paper aims to apply the Best Practice Principles for Obesity Prevention in the form of promotion of physical activities to reduce the burden of obesity in City of Ballarat, Australia. Community engagement The regional capital of Victoria is the City of Ballarat that is situated around 110 km west of the city of Melbourne. Being the largest inland centre of Victoria, the city has a population of 101,686 of which 52,821 are female, and 48,864 are male (5). The age distribution is similar to that of the rest of the country (6). The city has a high proportion of single-parent families as compared to rest of Australia.The number of aboriginal people in the city is 1140, and their median age is 20 years. Obesity is a major health issue faced by the individuals of this city wherein 61 people out of 100 are suffering from obesity (4). As per recent surveys, the concern of obesity in Ballarat is in the list of top ten unhealthiest areas in the whole of Australia.One of the main risk factors for obesity is physical inactivity of the residents of the city that in turn leads to health complications such as cardiovascular disease. Victorian population health survey 2011 had estimated that 30% of male and 31% of females residents did not engage in sufficient physical activity. The risk of obesity is more common among adolescents in this region (5). The wider communitys elements are to be engaged in the proposed initiative. A partnership and collaborative approach would be undertaken with all levels of the government, government agencies, the community and the private sector so that the provision, planning and implementation of the environment enabling physical activity are desirable. Program design and planning Significant growth of urban areas in the city implies that there are more demands for services and infrastructure that can support the physical activity of the individuals of the community. Increased urbanisation has led to the high demand for unit-style accommodation, and there is less public open space, making it considerably difficult for the residents of cities to engage in some form of activity and live an active lifestyle. Since the risk of obesity is more common among the adolescent population, the present program would be focusing on this group of the population. By addressing the concerns of the adolescents, the increasing burden of obesity can be controlled to a great extent (7). The provision of delivery of services of physical activity would be guided by a set of principles. These are as follows- Making physical ativity easy Using appropriate settings Improving access, diversity and equity Providing strong maintenance and management Addressing the determinants of physical inactivity Developing partnerships Building participation The program would be a comprehensive and multi-strategy approach with the aim of increasing the levels of physical activity within the community. The vision is to provide all residents of the city of Ballarat with the opportunity to engage in a lifestyle from which they can benefit optimally. The goal would be to increase the number of residents of the city meeting the recommendations of WHO regarding physical activity by the year 2020. The objectives of the program and the corresponding strategies are outlined as follows- Objective1- The first objective would be to encourage to be physically active. The rationale behind this objective is that ensuring that the individuals in a community understand the significance of being physically active is critical for increasing the levels of physical activity. The objective would be to motivate the adolescent's population to incorporate any form of physical activity in their lives within six months. Easy-to-understand and targeted information would be imparted in this regard so that all individuals can connect to the education being imparted. Strategies for Objective1- The prime strategy would be to conduct social marketing campaigns for motivating and encouraging individuals to engage in some form of activity. The social media tools would be of much importance in this regard. Platforms such as Youtube and Facebook are to be explored apart from television and newspapers. Initiative for offering rewards for participation in activities such as walking and cycling would be highly motivating. This would also boost the morale of the individuals. Cycling competitions would be the best possible approach in this regard. Objective 2- The second objective would be to establish places and spaces in the community that is in support of active living. As recommended by a number of public health literature, an environment is to be built that contributes to the propensity of an individual to have an active lifestyle and ensure achievement of better health outcomes. With the help of the city council, it would be possible to make an influence on the activities of land use and development so that liveable and healthy environment is created encouraging physical activity. The objective would be to create additional spaces for engaging in physical activities in the next one year. Strategies for Objective2-Firstly, the city planning scheme would be driven to include principles of physical activity design. The central business areas would not be included in this consideration. It would be ensured that the planning activities are in accordance with the best knowledge of open space design. Advocacy of transport systems and policies would be important for prioritising walking and cycling. An audit of the different public infrastructures like water points and toilets would be done for identifying gaps in supporting continual physical activity and future needs. A hierarchy system introduced into the cycling and walking pathways would also be beneficial. Lastly, crime prevention would be looked into with the help of the concerned department. Objective 3-The third objective would be to work with diverse community-based systems for increasing the awareness of the public regarding the benefits physical activity. A mix of opportunities is to be provided in order to cater for different age groups. Barriers to participation in physical activities are to be addressed through this. The approach would be to implement different strategies simultaneously with the help of different organisations, such as workplaces, schools, primary health care settings, and sports club. The objective would be to improve the wellbeing of the community in the next two years. Strategies for Objective 3- A structured approach would be developed for evaluating the public health data. Analysis of physical activity rates would help in identifying trends and gaps. Outreach programs are to be developed that target members of the community who have limited access to centre-based programs. Urban Landcare network is to be contacted for offering workplace open space program. Working with child and maternal health services, schools for embedding an enhanced understanding of the importance of physical activity in children would be highly solicited (8). Evaluation The primary evaluation goal would be to ensure that the program outcomes is relevant due to the proper integration of resources into the outlined strategies. Process evaluation would focus on assessing data collected at present and in future. An integrated outcome evaluation would be undertaken by taking feedbacks from the individuals of the community at large. Process evaluation would consider three elements; management of the program; collaboration and participation. Program management would be monitored in a manner in which the program staff and all contributors would come up with their recommendations and viewpoints. Participation would be examined through measures of involvement in programs and attendance. Collaboration would be assessed through the level of effort and amount of interaction. Outcome evaluation would be done by collecting subjective and objective data from the individuals that would be rigorously assessed. Data would be collected on a quarterly basis, and differe nt settings would be considered for this purpose, such as schools, sports clubs and healthcare settings (9). Implementation and sustainability In the implementation phase, it would be significant to hold meetings for facilitating the selection of the communities that would undertake the overall process. The priority activities would be selected based on different criteria, depending on demographic data collected over a long period of time. As the plan would be implemented, efforts for evaluation would be critical for monitoring the actual impact and leveraging the resources as deemed required. For achievement of the mission, the partners would need to work hand-in-hand and in an effective manner towards the goal. Sustainability of the plan is a key concern. The plan outlined at present is based on the current data available. It would be necessary and indispensable to revise the strategies whenever required. A survey tool is to be used for collecting information on additional organisations that can be made a part of the plan in coming time. Moving onto the implementation phase from the planning phase would open the door to broader participation in obesity-prevention exertions (10). Governance and funding transparency The city council would play the primary role in supporting the outlined initiative and enabling a connected, vibrant and healthy community. This would be done through a funding environment encouraging an active lifestyle and well-being. A coordinated and proactive approach would be imperative in this regard so that planning of the strategies would be done under effective conditions. Funding and allocation would be required in the following domains- Planning to implant support of physical activity Supporting partnerships with a number of external agencies for maximising outcomes Supporting initial costs for resources and infrastructures required for proposed actions Providing community grants for delivery of activities Providing costs for managing and maintaining suitable and safe community spaces The possible other sources of funding would be the public open space contributions, the Victorian and Australian government funding programs, and developer contributions (9). Table of Best Practice Principle Behaviour change: Community engagement Program design and planning Evaluation Implementation and sustainability Funding and governance Policy Local and state goventment Guidelines of WHO for physical activity Adoption of policies National policy on physical activities State government funds Community Primary health care services, out-reached services Social marketing, education programs Questionnaires and interviews Physical activity friendly zones Community grants Organisational Colleagues Social media advertisements and television advertisements Follow-up through direct communication Companies given funds for developing open spaces Community funds and developer funds Intrapersonal Engagement in community Education impartment Assessment through questionnaire Education seminars Organisation funds Individual City council of Ballarat Guidelines of WHO Government funds Conclusion A growing body of vast evidence supports physical activity done on a regular manner as there are numerous positive benefits of the same for human health. The impact include reduction of chances of developing medical complications such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular dynfuctioning. Since the benefits of physical activity have been identified in a clear manner, the proposed interventions would help in establishing conenctions within the city of Ballarat, enhancing the energy levels of indviduals and augmenting confidence and self-esteem. With the benefits in mind, the outlined strategies would encourage the residents to be more active. Individuals might not need to engage in strenuous physical activities to stay fit; exercise of moderate intensity would bebeneficial. The people of city of Ballarat would gain advantages from the outlined interventions regarding control of obesityamong the population. Support from every corner of the community is pivotal since the engagement of p ublic and health professionals are equally important. The council would play a key role in this regard for promoting, facilitating and encouraging physical activity through major stratecgic planning with community initiatives. The vision is clear; to enable all the residents live in a healthy manner by providing them with adequate opportunities. Reflection In this section, I would reflet on the learning process of this assignment that has contributed immensely to my professional development. Firstly, I would like to highlight how I have utilised the feedback received from assignment 1 and incorporated it in assignment 2. The comments of the tutor were carefully read, and the tutor was consulted for any queries I had. The feedback provided to me by my tutor was detailed enough to highlight the strength and limitations of my academic writing. As I had been advised to carry focus more on the marking rubric, my second assignment was structured accordingly. I also gave attention to spelling and grammar errors while writing my paper. Proofreading the solution before submission was the key to this concern. I would like to highlight that I have learnt while working in a small online group about the importance of communicating well with the group members. Since individuals in a group are from diverse backgrounds and have different thoughts and opinions, it is common to encounter a clash of ideas and viewpoints. The key is to communicate own point of view in a clear and transparent manner. This would foster a professional relationship. One skill that I have developed while undertaking this assignment is academic writing. Completing this assignment enabled me to compose an academic paper in a more professional manner with adherence to the guidelines provided. I have developed the skill to put down a paper that is comprehensive and well-structured. References Lee J, Song J, Hootman JM, Semanik PA, Chang RW, Sharma L, Van Horn L, Bathon JM, Eaton CB, Hochberg MC, Jackson R. Obesity and other modifiable factors for physical inactivity measured by accelerometer in adults with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis care research. 2013 Jan 1;65(1):53-61. Dassanayake J, Payne W, Liya T, Turvall C. 146 The public health care cost of physical inactivity in a regional city of Australia. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2005 Dec 1;8:84. Victorian Population Health Survey 2008 City of Ballarat. 2008. Ballarat LGA Profile: VicHealth Indicators Survey 2015 Results. 2015. .id community [Internet]. City of Ballarat. Date unknown [cited 2017 Aug 5]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: https://profile.id.com.au/ballarat/population-header City of Ballarat. Council Plan 2017-2021. City of Ballarat [Internet]. Date unknown [cited 2017 Aug 5]. Available from: https://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/4278140/council_plan_2017-2021.pdf Rosen G. A history of public health. JHU Press; 2015 Jan 16. Brownson RC, Baker EA, Deshpande AD, Gillespie KN. Evidence-based public health. Oxford University Press; 2017. Nies MA, McEwen M. Community/Public Health Nursing-E-Book: Promoting the Health of Populations. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014 Aug 18. Tanner M, Harpham T. Urban health in developing countries: progress and prospects. Routledge; 2014 Apr 23.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Authors Tone Worksheet 1 Answer Key

Author's Tone Worksheet 1 Answer Key Stop! Before you read on, have you completed the Authors Tone Worksheet 1, first? If not, go back, answer the questions and  then  head back here and find out what youve gotten right and what you may have missed.   If youre curious about what authors tone really is and wondering how to figure it out, here are  three of the tricks you can use to determine the authors tone when you dont have a clue. Feel free to use these free printable pdf files for your own educational use, too: Authors Tone Worksheet 1 | Authors Tone Worksheet 1 Answer Key Passage 1   1. What does the author most likely want to convey through the use of the phrase â€Å"ready consent to terms and a couple of coins flung upon the table?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. The strangers lack of manners and thoughtfulness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. The strangers desire to quickly get to his room.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. The strangers greediness in bartering.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. The strangers discomfort. The correct answer is B.  The stranger is desperate for warmth. We know that because hes covered in snow and asks for human charity, which we can only assume is because hes cold. So even though we know he is uncomfortable, the correct answer is NOT D. The author uses the words ready consent, which means eager or quickly willing consent and coins flung upon the table to indicate a hurried pace. Yes, we know its because hes uncomfortable, but the phrases indicate speed.   PASSAGE 2  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2. The authors attitude toward mothers trying to arrange marriages for their daughters could best be described as: A. accepting of the notion B. irritated with the notion C. astonished by the notion D. amused by the notion The correct answer is D. Even if we read nothing beyond the first line, wed get the sense that the author was slightly amused by the subject matter. The author further makes the scene amusing by pitting a complacent husband against his busybody wife. Austen depicts the mother as meddling, gossiping, and impatient. If Austen were irritated by the idea, shed make the mother more unlikable. If she were astonished by the idea, then shed make the husband act aghast when Mrs. Bennet brings it up. If she were accepting of the idea, then she probably wouldnt have written about it in a witty way. Hence, Choice D is the best bet.   3. What tone is the author most likely trying to convey with the sentence, It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. satiric   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. scornful   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. reproachful   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. weary The correct answer is A. This speaks to the tone of the excerpt as a whole. Shes sarcastic about societys notion of marrying young women off to wealthy men. Her overreaching statement, a truth universally acknowledged is an example of hyperbole, which is an exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally. And although she may personally be reproachful or scornful of the idea, her tone does not convey it in this satire. PASSAGE 3 4. Which of the following choices provides the best answer to the authors final question posed in the text, while maintaining the tone of the article? A. It could be that Id fallen into a nightmare without knowing it.   B. It had to be the dreariness of the day. Nothing about the house itself was particularly depressing. C. The solution defied me. I couldnt get at the heart of my displeasure. D. It was a mystery I couldnt solve; nor could I grapple with the shadowy fancies that crowded upon me as I pondered.   The correct choice is D. Here, the answer must closely mirror the language in the text. The words used by Poe are complicated, as is his sentence structure. Choice B and Ds sentence structure is too simple and Choice Bs answer is incorrect based on the text. Choice A seems logical until you place it up against Choice D, which uses a complex structure and language similar to that already in the text. 5. Which emotion is the author most likely trying to rouse from his reader after reading this text?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. hatred   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. terror   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. apprehension   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. depression The correct choice is C. Although the character feels depression upon viewing the house, Poe is trying to make the reader feel apprehension in the scene. Whats going to come up? If he were trying to make the reader feel depressed, he would have spoken to something more personal. And he wasnt trying to terrify the reader in this scene, either. He wouldve used scarier content instead of relying on the dark, depressing words and phrases he does. And Choice A is completely off! Hence, Choice C is the best answer.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Freud V. Erikson Essay Example

Freud V. Erikson Essay Example Freud V. Erikson Paper Freud V. Erikson Paper Erik Erikson is a well known psychoanalyst, and studied for many years under the famous Sigmund Freud. Erikson modeled his ideas from Freud’s, but was like many other followers, and believed that his theory on the developmental process of humans was more inclusive and extensive then Freud’s (Sharkey, 2003 p. 1). Erikson studied and agreed on most of Freud’s beliefs and theories, but eventually saw that his own beliefs differed in certain ways. Both theorists believed that the human personality develops within stages. Both believed that there are certain time periods in which certain things happen in order to determine the person one will become. Freud used his psychoanalytic theory of development in order to explain this process; and says that one’s personality has been shaped by the age of five. (Sharkey, p. 5) Erikson disagrees, and instead says that humans develop and change constantly through out their entire life span. He believes that humans enter different stages through out their life, each of which ultimately affects later stages, and collectively shapes one’s personality. He felt by Freud neglecting human adult development, it made his theories not completely accurate (Langley, 2000 p. 2). . . . He realized that his own ideas had some important qualities that differed very much. The right balance between both ends must be achieved for optimum development. Finally, Erikson also felt that the environment had a much larger role in human development then Freud did (Huitt, 1997, p. They were different form the contemporary theories of the time. This period of sexual latency lasts five to six years, until puberty, where children become capable of reproduction, and their sexuality is re awakened. I just personally feel that a person becomes who they are from experience. It is probably for those reasons that Freud believed that the primary drive or motive to human behavior is biological instincts (Mikula, 2003-2004 p. : This stage does not cause any fixation, and if it does the damage was done in earlier oral, anal, and phallic stages. If a child from birth to eighteen months can undergo this crisis successfully, their caregiver has met his or her needs consistently and appropriately, and the child will develop a tendency to trust others. People are faced with problems and decisions daily and from experience I for one believe that you can change and mold oneself into a new person. The changing environment makes new demands, which in turn causes new crisis’s to arise. If the foundation from the previous crisis and the environment are both appropriate, then the person has the best likely chances of overcoming the crisis successfully, and advancing to the next stage. If a person is able to make it through one stage with that appropriate outcome, they will have a greater time achieving success in the next crisis they are faced with. This happens in the intimacy versus isolation crisis

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Plato Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plato Republic - Essay Example The Socratic dialogue that was written by Plato around 380 BC focuses on defining what is justice and character as well as the order of a just man. This piece of Socratic dialogue further seeks to establish if indeed a just man is happier than a man who is unjust. In particular, this essay aims at supporting the arguments that were presented by Plato of which the main argument is that â€Å"the best form of government, aristocracy, will eventually devolve into the worst form of government tyranny.† This key argument is built on the premise that there are five forms of governments that comprise of lovers of honor also known as timocracy. The second form of government is lovers of money also known as oligarchy. The third form of government is lovers of freedom also known as democracy. The fourth form of government is the tyranny while the fifth form of government is the lovers of excellence, which is also known as the aristocracy or enlightened monarchy. Objectors of key premise s Of all the five forms of government, aristocracy is touted to the best since it is widely considered good and just. However, a common objection to this argument is that individuals, who are from the highest class of the society, are the ones posed to lead an aristocrat government and they usually have money, land, and power. Objectors argue that in general sense, aristocrats are not able to relate with the common person and therefore, they will not be able to understand what is justice and good governance in the eyes of the common persons who normally make up the biggest percentage of the population The key premise of the Plato’s argument is that the aristocracy government will eventually convert to the worst form of government tyranny. Objections to this premise lies on the fact that the best form of government normally makes provisions that will allow active citizen participation and healthy engagement with the opposition, which means that there will be measures of checks and balance to ensure the aristocrat government does not sway to undesirable form of government. Therefore, objectors argue that there is no possibility for an aristocrat government devolving to become the worst form of government tyranny. Another key objection to the premise that have been presented by Plato is the fact that governments are not purely made up of specific groups of people, for example, those who love money, honor, freedom, or excellence. Objectors argues that it is impossible to have such unique forms of governments because government is composed of a representation of the people and therefore, it will be made up of people from different corners of the nation who subscribe to different ideologies but have a common purpose of serving the interest of their constituents. Replies to the objections Aristocracy government is made up of noble men who have worked hard in their entire life in order to even earn honorary titles if not entitled to them by virtue of family lin eage. Therefore, they will instill the virtue of hard work to the common citizens whilst providing servant leadership. Secondly, the objections given above can be refuted on the basis that aristocrat have a reputation to maintain and therefore, in all natural sense they will work towards ensuring their reputation in maintained and upheld to the highest standards. Thirdly, because of the representation of constituents in the government, the aristocracy government will be able to know and understand the plight of the common citizens. Plato argued that the best form of government, aristocracy, will eventually devolve into the worst form of government tyranny. This argument is supported by the fact that the second generation after

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Medicare and Medicaid-SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medicare and Medicaid-SLP - Essay Example Apart from Pharmaceutical labelers that refer to drug prior approval information supplied with the drug by the CMS, the Automated Voice Response System (AVRS) is used to reinforce the Drug Prior Approval process. Through AVRS pharmacy providers can inquire about or enter a request for a drug prior approval via either a touch-tone or rotary dial phone, (www.hfs.illinois.gov/avrs, 2009). The State of Illinois has the All Kids medical insurance program. Under this program, children who have no medical cover because their parents cannot afford insurance premiums are covered at rates their parents can afford. The aim of the program is to ensure that all children benefit from medical coverage no matter what their ascribed social status. They are covered under comprehensive, affordable health insurance, regardless of family income, immigration status or health condition, (www.allkids.com, 2009). Under the program children can access hospitals, medicine and physicians when the need arises. The program recognizes the fact that every child deserves to grow up healthy without any medical discrimination. It covers doctor calls, hospitalization, prescribed drugs, optician visits, dental check-ups, eyeglasses, regular check-ups and immunization shots. Other services like medical equipment, speech therapy and physical therapy are also covered for the children in need. Anyone 18 years and below living in Illinois is a potential candidate for All Kids, provided that they are not in a position to afford regular health care from conventional programs. There is no income limit since all uninsured kids can qualify for All Kids regardless of what their parents earn. All Kids is different from the State’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Plan (Chip). CHIP is funded partly by participant premiums and partly by appropriations of the state’s General Revenue

Monday, November 18, 2019

CULTURAL STUDIES & DIVERSITY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CULTURAL STUDIES & DIVERSITY - Assignment Example On the other hand, increase in the birthrate also impacts the organizations in the United States. Increase in birth rates will lead to an increase in population growth. Rapid population growth is accompanied by a proportionate increase in the supply of the labor force. This implies that the rate of job creation should match the rate of labor supply in United States. However, the rate of labor supply has outstripped that of job creation. This shows that the quantity of individuals looking for employment opportunities increases more rapidly than the number of jobs being created. This kind of problem possesses menace to the organization and the employees since there arises conflicts. Change in marital and family arrangements also is a demographic change in the organizations. Change in marital status of people will be reflected by an organization by changing is target market for products. Organizations that keep with the trend in changes in marital status are at a competitive advantage b ecause they can segment their market accordingly. The more data about the change in conjugal status that business leaders have, the more important the information will be on account of it can yield extra experiences on the patterns in change in conjugal status. Diversification in the organization is always viewed as a risk but of late, organizations are getting diversified because of the advantage, it gives them. Diversification of organizations is that aspect of taking risk by investing in many businesses. One of the advantages that this strengthen an organization is in terms of leadership competence. Organization leaders who conduct many businesses for the organization learn new skills of leadership and management hence strengthening the organization. Elsewhere, diversification puts an organization at a competitive advantage. This is because diversification leads to the organization benefiting from its vast operations, unlike its competitors. Another advantage that an

Friday, November 15, 2019

High Risk Pregnancy and Women with Complex Health

High Risk Pregnancy and Women with Complex Health For this assignment I have been asked to look at the care I have seen and been involved in giving to a woman with a high risk pregnancy. I intend to identify how my practice could be developed to meet the similar needs of women in the future. To do this I am going to use a reflective approach. I am going to look at the normal anatomy and physiology and analyse the patho-physiology in relation to high risk pregnancy and birth. For most women, their midwife is their first point of contact so they have a crucial role to play in identifying any risks. Included in their extensive role is facilitating pregnancy and childbirth as a positive and fulfilling experience. This is most fundamental for those women whose childbearing experience has been categorised as high risk (Page, 2006). A pregnancy is classed as high risk if there are any factors that may adversely affect the fetal or maternal outcome. Risk factors must be identified as early as possible to increase the chances of an improved outcome (Queenan et al, 2007). When a woman is booked for her maternity care, her medical and obstetric history is taken to ascertain whether she would be suitable for midwifery led care (low risk) or consultant or obstetric led care (high risk). A woman can change from either group during her pregnancy. For example, she may start her care as low risk but then something may happen or a condition may develop so she may therefore require consultant input into her care. Factors which could mean a woman has a high risk pregnancy include epilepsy, diabetes, cardiac problems, multiple pregnancy, hypertension, obesity and previous obstetric complications, i.e. caesarean section, previous haemorrhage (whether that be antepartum, intrapartum or postpartum), recurrent miscarriages or previous intra-uterine death. Using Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle, I am going to discuss a woman I recently cared for whilst working on Central Delivery Suite, whose pregnancy had been assessed as high risk. This was due to her having had a previous emergency caesarean section and a previous ventouse delivery. In accordance with The Code (NMC, 2008) I have changed all names mentioned to respect their confidentiality. Description: Laura, aged 39 years old, was 39+1 weeks pregnant, gravida three, para two. As just mentioned, her obstetric history meant she would see an obstetric consultant during her pregnancy. As Laura was planning on having a vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) this increased her risk. It was also apparent she had tested positive for Group B Streptococcus (GBS) in both her previous pregnancies. Laura had gone into spontaneous labour. Laura and her partner had both requested antibiotics to be started as soon as possible due to the previous GBS. This was not something my mentor could agree to as Laura had not tested positive for it at any point during this pregnancy. However, due to Lauras admission temperature reading being 38.1 °C and in view of the previous two pregnancies testing positive for GBS, it was decided by the obstetric consultant on duty that she would receive antibiotics during labour. We confirmed she was in established labour by performing a vaginal examination, with consent, and finding the cervix was 4-5 cms dilated, partially effaced and membranes were felt intact. After Laura was cannulated, the antibiotic Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) 3g was administered intravenously. Then at four-hourly intervals she was given 1.5g until delivery. Due to Lauras high risk status a cardiotocograph (CTG) was commenced to keep a trace on the fetal heart rate and the uterine contractions. Laura laboured for approximately 6 hours in total, and went on to have a normal vaginal delivery of a healthy baby boy. Postnatally, Lauras observations were taken and baby observations were also taken six hourly and observed for a minimum of twelve hours in accordance with Local Trust Guidelines (Local Trust, 2005). Feelings: This event particularly sticks in my mind due to my own curiosity about Group B Streptococcus. When Laura was showing a temperature of 38.1 °C, I recognised this was out of the normal range so I informed my mentor. I knew a high temperature could indicate a sign of infection so it was important I made my mentor aware. I felt calm at the time and knew my mentor and the obstetric consultant had the matter under control. My mentor made me feel included in the situation and explained fully what she was doing and when. She went through the process of preparing the drugs and the IV line with me. I was very happy with the outcome of the situation. At the end of the day, we all wanted a normal, natural delivery of a healthy baby and that was achieved. Evaluation: The ultimate goal of this situation was a healthy mother and baby, which was successfully achieved. I am glad the consultant made the decision that Laura would be started on antibiotics as I was aware of how anxious she was. Analysis: The final outcome was Laura had a healthy baby with no signs of GBS disease. Contributing factors to this were how I relayed important information to my mentor and how the obstetric consultant made the right choice offering Laura antibiotics, even though she had not tested positive for GBS in this pregnancy. I believe Laura should have been offered a test for GBS to confirm if it was present in this pregnancy or not. She was very anxious about the situation so I feel this would have at least helped put her mind at rest knowing either way. Her and her partner had come to CDS demanding antibiotics as a precaution anyway, and luckily for her, her high temperature meant she received them. Had she not had the high temperature that decision would have been down to the consultant. Conclusion: I learnt from this experience the correct drugs to be given in labour, and the quantities and times stages they should be given. I also learnt the drug to be given if the woman is allergic to the primary choice drug. Plus, from using this topic as my high risk assignment, the further reading I have undertaken has also taught me a lot. Action Plan: If the situation happened again, I would feel more confident in my knowledge of explaining to the woman and her family why we would advise her to have the antibiotics. In this particular situation, Laura knew a lot about GBS due to her previous pregnancies being tested for it and she was then subsequently treated during the labours. However, if a woman I was caring for had little knowledge of GBS, I feel I could explain it. Laura was classified as high risk due to her previous obstetric history. However, I am going to concentrate on the Group B streptococcus (GBS) she was concerned she had, after having it in both previous pregnancies. I also have a personal interest around GBS as this was something I tested positive for during my pregnancy and I did not really understand what it was or the complications of it. I was screened routinely as I was living in Spain at the time. Laura was only aware of her GBS, in her previous pregnancies, due to routine screening in Germany. She had not been screened here in the UK for GBS in this pregnancy, due to the uncertainty of clinical evidence and cost effectiveness of the routine screening (NICE, 2003). As mentioned in my reflection, this was something Laura was concerned about and requested she receive antibiotics during her labour as a precaution. Group B streptococcus is a common type of streptococcus bacterium. Approximately a third of men and women are carriers of GBS in their intestines and a quarter of women carry it in their vagina. Most people are unaware they are carriers as it can be difficult to detect and does not cause any symptoms. Carrying it is perfectly normal as it is one of many different bacterias that live within our bodies. Problems can arise when GBS is transmitted to the fetus. This could happen if the membranes rupture, during labour or the delivery. The fetus could come into contact with GBS if the bacterium travels upwards from the womans vagina and into the uterus due to the membranes not being there to protect the fetus. If there are prolonged rupture of membranes there is increased risk of transmission due to more time for the micro-organisms to be transported from the vagina into the cervix, and then to the uterus. According to the Group B Strep Association there is also evidence that GBS may cross intact membranes to expose the fetus whilst it is still in the womb. This could therefore cause preterm births, stillbirths or miscarriages. The fetus could also be exposed while passing through the birth canal. A preterm infant would be more susceptible as their lesser-developed bodies and immune systems are more vulnerable to GBS infection than older infants. The fetus could become infected if they swallow or inhale the bacteria (GBSA, 2011). If the fetus acquires GBS in utero this is known as early onset (Chapman, 2003). GBS can also be found on the hands and in the respiratory tract of a colonised person. So once a baby is born, GBS could be passed on to it from the hands. This is why, especially within the first 3 months of a babys life, it is so important for anyone who comes into contact with a baby, washes and dries their hands thoroughly. If the baby was to develop the disease from repeated exposure, this is called late onset (Chapman, 2003). In Lauras case, we were concerned about in utero transmission which could cause early onset GBS disease. This gave us the option for the administration of prophylactic antibiotics during labour, and at least two hours before delivery, which has been shown to reduce the frequency of neonatal GBS infection (Local Trust Guideline, 2009). Antibiotics given during labour can be very effective at preventing this transmission. A guideline written by The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG, 2003) state a woman should be offered intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis if they have the following risk factors: à ¢-  previous baby affected by GBS à ¢-  GBS bacteriuria detected during the current pregnancy à ¢-  preterm labour (less than 37 completed weeks of pregnancy) à ¢-  prolonged rupture of the membranes (more than 18 hours before delivery) à ¢-  fever in labour (a temperature of more than 37.8 °C) Although Laura only had one of the above risk factors, she was offered the antibiotics at the discretion of the consultant. Women must also be reminded of the risks with taking antibiotics and be given all the information so they can make an informed choice. The antibiotics a woman receives will also depend if she has any allergies to medication. The recommended antibiotic for those allergic to penicillin is clindamycin, 900mg administered intravenously, from onset of labour and every 8 hours until delivery (GBSS, 2007, Local Trust Guideline, 2005). During my placement on the Neonatal Unit, I also cared for a baby that had to be admitted for antibiotics as its mother had tested positive for GBS during her pregnancy. She was unable to receive antibiotics as the the delivery was so fast and there was not enough time. Therefore the baby was admitted to the Neonatal Unit so he could receive antibiotics. Blood cultures from the baby were obtained and he was treated with penicillin until the culture results were available. This enhanced the importance of the woman receiving the prophylactic antibiotics during labour. In any high risk situation it is vital that maternal and fetal well being is monitored. As Laura was high risk she was placed on continuous cardiotocograph (CTG) monitoring. This gave us a recording and trace of the fetal heart rate so we could indentify any deviation from the norm, in comparison with the baseline for that baby. The primary aim of the CTG is to identify a fetus that may be hypoxic so additional assessments of fetal well-being can be used (i.e. fetal blood sampling) or the fetus being delivered by an instrumental vaginal birth or caesarean section. The use of this kind of technology is justified in being able to save the life a fetus that is shown to be in distress. The CTG detects the fetal heart rate (FHR) and the uterine activity (toco) simultaneously and displays it in the form of graph. It is important to check the maternal pulse at the same time as applying the CTG, to ensure the machine is recording the fetal heart rate, and not the mothers. The modern machines we use at my Trust have a maternal pulse sensor which the mother applies to her finger, which then records the maternal pulse rate on the graph that is printed out. The continuous electronic monitoring using the CTG is vital to get a contemporaneous recording of the fetal heart rate. It will give us the baseline heart rate (usually between 110-160 beats per minute), accelerations (momentary increases in the fetal heart rate) and decelerations (momentary decreases in the fetal heart rate). Some aspects of labour will cause natural alterations in the FHR patterns. For example, the pattern will be different when the fetus is asleep or awake. External factors, like uterine contractions and maternal movement can cause the FHR to change. The FHR can also be affected by opiate based painkillers, like pethidine. Some of these changes are quite subtle and can only be detected by continuous CTG e.g. baseline variability, temporal shape of decelerations. To be a competent midwife, it is imperative I have knowledge on how to interpret the recorded traces of a CTG. I have seen many CTG traces whilst on my hospital placement due to the high number of high risk women my Trust cares for. However, I still feel I am learning new things every time I see one, as everyone is different. I can distinguish between baseline tachycardia (where the fetal heart rate baseline rises above 160 beats per minute) and baseline bradycardia (the opposite, where the fetal heart rate baseline goes below 110 beats per minute) (Mukherjee, 2007). Baseline tachycardia could be physiological if the trace is from a preterm fetus due to immaturity or secondary to maternal pyrexia or dehydration. It could also be a sign of fetal hypoxia. The fetus would try to increase the cardiac output mainly by increasing the heart rate to supply vital organs with oxygen and nutrients. Baseline bradycardia could be physiological if the trace is from a post-term fetus or possibly a large fetus, provided there are also accelerations present and there baseline variability is above the normal range (>5 beats per minute). If it is just baseline bradycardia with no other normal or reassuring factors, this would need immediate action. Another form of technology used within Lauras pregnancy was screening. When she was initially booked for her antenatal care, her blood and urine would have be sent for screening, after she consented to this. She would also have attended ultrasound scans which are also a form of screening. This is something that is offered to all pregnant women and regardless of their risk status, it is used in both low and high risk pregnancies. It is a process which has been developed, which was not done previously due to lack of knowledge and technology. The standard screening during the antenatal period is urine; to check for any sign of infection, and blood; to check the womans blood group, her rhesus status, her iron levels, if she is immune to rubella, and to check for hepatitis B, syphilis and HIV (NHS Choices, 2011). In line with the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2003) pregnant women should be offered evidence based information and support to enable them to make informed decisions regarding their care. This means women should be informed of all screening tests available to them. I believe this should include information about screening which is not necessarily available within the NHS but could be carried out privately, for example, GBS screening. There are arguments for and against introducing routine screening for GBS in the UK. Plumb, Holwell and Clayton (2007) argue that in the UK, GBS prevention is inadequate. They believe the NHS should offer testing for GBS in late pregnancy, thus giving women the opportunity to establish whether their baby is at higher risk of developing the GBS infection. My current Trust guideline (2005) state there is not enough evidence for it at this time. GBS awareness campaigners, Group B Strep Support, are pushing for routine testing to be introduced in the UK (Prince, 2011). According to GBSS, Western countries that routinely test, have a lower incidence of infection in new born babies, where as cases in the UK are on the rise. Even since the introduction of the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecologists guideline for preventing GBS infection in newborns, in 2003, there has not been a decrease in either the number or the incidence of GBS infections in babies (GBSS, 2007). The table below shows the how the GBS infection in babies has increased throughout England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Year report published Number All cases (babies 0-90 days old Incidence per 1000 live births Number Early onset (babies 0-6 days old) Incidence per 1000 live births Number Late onset (babies 7-90 days old) Incidence per 1000 live births Number 2003/3004 311 0.48 207 0.32 104 0.16 0.48 2006/2007 409 0.61 248 0.37 161 0.24 0.61 2007/2008 421 0.61 258 0.37 163 0.24 0.61 2008/2009 470 0.66 279 0.39 191 0.27 0.66 (data published by the Health Protection Agency taken from www.gbss.org.uk/filepool/GBS_Infections_on_the_Increase.doc) Table 1 Number and rate (per 1000 live births) of group B streptococcal bacteraemia reports in infants 0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 90 days old in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2003-2009. The overall number of GBS infections within adults is also reported to have increased by more than 72% from 2001 to 2008: (data published by the Health Protection Agency taken from www.gbss.org.uk/filepool/GBS_Infections_on_the_Increase.doc) Table 2 Number of GBS infections in both males and females within England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2001-2008. A better indication of the rise in GBS infections would be taken from women only, who are 35-37 weeks pregnant. I believe this would give more of an insight into pregnancy GBS infection rates. While the evidence states the increase in rates, I could not find any reasons for the increases. Some factors I believe may contribute to the rise include the lack of personal hygiene, modern living or even due to lifestyle. For example, many years ago clothing and underwear used to be boiled when washing but now people may be washing their clothes on a 40 °C wash and this may not be enough to kill all the bacteria. It may not be due to any of these factors; it may just be we have a better awareness of GBS now then what we did years ago. With the constant improvement of technology, we will also be finding out new things. Although the internet is not a form of technology we use within midwifery, it is certainly a form of technology we definitely need to be aware of. Within the last ten years or so, the internet has become increasingly popular. This means the general public can find about anything, more importantly medical information they may not have been able to access before. Therefore, we need to be aware of those women that we care for, that may have either some basic knowledge or an in-depth knowledge of a medical issue, for instance GBS. The NHS even has a website called NHS Choices (www.nhs.uk) which people can access to check symptoms and research illnesses and also pregnancy. I think this is mainly a good thing, although women may read so much into something they find online and it may make them more anxious or worried. It should not replace the direct contact with their midwife. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008), state we should be delivering care based on the best available evidence. By reading the research I have found to write this assignment I am adhering to The Code by giving women evidence based advice. I may not be able to radically change my operational practice but I will definitely be more aware of what to look for and how to manage the situation. I will also ensure I am aware of those women who may have a more in-depth knowledge about GBS and understand their anxieties. From writing this assignment I have identified the risks of GBS, who the risks affect and to what degree it could affect them. I feel I would be able to recognise the signs and be aware of the treatment and management. I have acknowledged the main technology used is for the screening of GBS within the laboratory investigation systems and believe this should be carried out routinely within the UK. Final Word Count: 3,361

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Essay --

Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer was born in the midst of New York City to a wealthy family in 1904. He had German decent on his mother's side whose family had lived in the United States for a few generations, while his father, Julius Oppenheimer, had only recently come from Germany. His father was a farmer and a grain merchant in Germany. When he arrived at New York, He started working at Rothfeldt-Stern Company,a textile import business that was run by two of his uncles. The company changed their business to tailored suits, Julius quickly worked his way up the ranks. When Julius and Ella, Robert's mother, got married in 1903, they lived in an elegant apartment in the Upper West Side of New York City. Julius Oppenheimer was a man of art. He met Ella at a New York Exhibition for European artists. The works of famous artists livened their apartment. Oppenheimer showed signs of brilliance very early on in his life. His interests as a child were minerals, reading, writing poetry, and building with blocks. His interest in minerals was sparked when his grandfather gave him a pack of labeled rocks on the family's trips to Germany. When he became eleven he wrote a paper to the New York Mineralogy Society. When he showed for the lecture, the other members were surprised to find a boy of eleven while the next youngest member was in his seventies. While his parents were delighted by his brilliance, his mother found his antisocial traits to be worrisome and encouraged him to interact with other boys his age but his personality did not allow him to be a social person throughout his early years. In 1912, Oppenheimer gained a brother by the name of Frank. His brother being eight years younger than Oppenheimer, he was not as gifted as his brot... ...oard and after a long trial had his Security Clearance revoked. Despite the public out roar, he moved on to Princeton, and took over as the Director of Advanced Study from Albert Einstein. After he resigned he went on to live a quiet life on Long Island spending time sailing and horseback riding with his wife and children. He was awarded an Enrico Fermi award in 1963. He died in 1967, of throat cancer, leaving a great impact of the world. Overall, Oppenheimer was one of the world greatest influences and scientists in the world. His studies and research into nuclear science helped develop modern power usage of radioactive elements and he also helped end the Second World War. While many scientists expressed their regret in participation in the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer did not regret his participation because he saw the good and bad in both sides.